Interdigital Cysts in Dogs - Can They Be Treated?

As dog owners, the health and well-being of our beloved companions is always our top priority. With some health issues, we just don't know what is going on and what their strange behaviour means.

Being attuned to our pets means we're already aware that seemingly minor issues can sometimes turn into major concerns. One such concern that can catch dog owners by surprise is interdigital cysts.

These often painful and bothersome lumps can appear between a dog's toes, causing discomfort and potentially leading to more significant problems if left untreated. Additionally, factors such as ingrown hairs and environmental allergies can further aggravate these cysts.

In this blog, we're doing a deep dive into interdigital cysts, emphasising the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. We'll also provide a comprehensive overview covering symptoms, causes, diagnosis methods, and available treatment options, as well as address frequently asked questions. By understanding and treating these cysts promptly, you can ensure the ongoing comfort and happiness of your pooch.

Interdigital cysts, also known as interdigital furuncles or interdigital pyoderma, are painful and often persistent skin conditions that develop between a dog's toes. These cysts are characterised by inflamed, raised lumps or nodules that can range in size. They typically occur in the webbing between the digits and can be filled with pus or other fluids.

Symptoms of interdigital cysts include noticeable inflammation and reddening of the layers of skin between the affected toes. This area may become swollen, warm to the touch, and painful for the dog. In some cases, the cysts may also ulcerate or develop scabs, leading to further discomfort. Dogs with interdigital cysts may exhibit signs of lameness or a reluctance to stand on the affected paw. In severe cases, the cysts can rupture, leading to secondary infections and more serious complications.

These cysts are often misnamed due to their appearance. While the term 'cyst' is commonly used, interdigital cysts are not actual cysts, which are enclosed sacs filled with fluid or semisolid material. Instead, they are inflammatory lesions that form in response to various underlying factors, such as deep infection or foreign material irritation. Understanding this distinction is important for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

Follicular cysts are also an issue with many pets, and typically present as a growth connected to a dog's hair follicle.

Interdigital cysts in dogs can be caused by multiple underlying causes, and often result from a combination of factors. Recognising and understanding these triggers is essential for both prevention and effective treatment.

One significant common factor contributing to interdigital cysts is trauma to the hair follicles. In the interdigital spaces, where friction and pressure are heightened during movement, bristly hairs and hair follicles may be more susceptible to damage. When a follicle undergoes trauma, it can become inflamed or injured, ultimately leading to the formation of a painful cyst. This inflammatory response is the body's way of attempting to heal the affected area, but it can result in the development of a noticeable lump.

Weight issues also play a substantial role in the occurrence of interdigital cysts. Dogs, especially breeds like the Labrador Retriever and Chinese shar-pei, carrying excess weight experience increased pressure on their paw pads, especially in the interdigital areas. This additional stress can lead to irritation, inflammation, and ultimately the formation of cysts. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise not only supports overall well-being but also helps alleviate unnecessary strain on the paws.

Biological abnormalities can also contribute significantly to interdigital cysts. Dogs with issues such as flat feet or malformed toes may undergo altered weight distribution on their paws. This can lead to heightened friction and pressure between the digits, making them more prone to cyst formation. Addressing any structural irregularities through professional veterinary guidance and, if necessary, specialised interventions can help reduce the risk of interdigital cysts.

Veterinarians employ a multi-disciplinary approach when it comes to diagnosing interdigital cysts. This helps to ensure accuracy and rule out any underlying health conditions that may mimic similar symptoms. This comprehensive process involves various diagnostic tests such as:

• Physical examination: The initial step in diagnosing interdigital cysts involves a thorough clinical examination. Here, your vet will inspect the interdigital skin of the affected area between your dog's toes, looking for signs of inflammation, swelling, redness, and the presence of any painful lesions or nodules. This visual assessment provides valuable initial information.
  

• Aspiration or Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): In cases where a definitive diagnosis is needed, veterinarians may perform an aspiration or FNA. This involves using a fine needle to extract a small sample of fluid or tissue from the cyst. The sample is then examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of inflammatory cells or other relevant indicators.
  

• Skin tests: To rule out things like Demodex mites or other parasitic infections, skin tests may be conducted. Impression Smears or a skin scrape can also help to determine the presence of nasty bacteria. These tests help differentiate between allergic dermatitis and interdigital cysts.
  

• Radiography (X-rays): X-rays are crucial for assessing the internal structures of the affected area. It helps identify any potential orthopaedic issues, such as foreign objects or bone abnormalities, which may contribute to the formation of cysts.
  

• Skin biopsy: In complex or severe cases, a skin biopsy of the affected tissue may be recommended. This involves the removal of a small sample of tissue from the cyst for further examination. Biopsies can help confirm the diagnosis and rule out more serious conditions like tumours or follicular cysts.
  
  It's super important to rule out other potential health conditions that may present with similar symptoms to interdigital cysts. Conditions such as a food allergy, or other allergic reactions, causing excessive foot licking, as well as ticks and mites, fungal or bacterial infections and even tumours can sometimes mimic the appearance and symptoms of interdigital cysts.
  
  Environmental factors can also play a role in causing such skin diseases. By employing a combination of testing methods, your vet can provide a correct diagnosis and tailor treatment accordingly, ultimately ensuring the best possible care and outcome for your dog.

Once an interdigital cyst has been professionally diagnosed, your vet will assign a treatment plan. This is likely to be in the form of either of the following:

Medical therapy

• Topical treatments: Topical therapy involving topical ointments or topical antibiotic creams, such as antibacterial or antifungal ointments, can be applied directly to the cyst to alleviate inflammation and promote healing. Applying a Skin Soother can also aid in relief.

• Oral medications: Antibiotics, often in courses of antibiotics, may be prescribed to address bacterial infections, while antifungal medications can be administered for fungal infections. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be recommended to manage pain and inflammation. Allergy medication might also be prescribed if allergies are diagnosed as the underlying cause.

• Immunosuppressive drugs: In severe cases, especially if the cysts are related to autoimmune conditions, immunosuppressive medications may be prescribed.

Surgery

• Incision and drainage: This procedure involves making a small incision in the cyst to drain any accumulated fluid or pus. It provides immediate relief and allows for faster healing.

• Excision of the cyst: In cases where the cyst is persistent or recurrent, surgical removal of the entire cyst and affected tissue may be necessary. This can prevent future recurrence.

CO2 laser therapy

• This innovative treatment involves using a laser to precisely remove the cyst. It is a minimally invasive procedure that reduces tissue trauma and bleeding while enhancing sterilisation of the area.

A successful recovery from interdigital cysts in dogs involves several key aspects. First and foremost, the cyst itself should have resolved, with any inflammation, infection, or accumulated fluid completely addressed. The layers of cysts should have been dealt with, ensuring a cycle of inflammation is halted.

The affected area should be free from discomfort, swelling, and signs of inflammation. Additionally, the skin between the toes should have healed, with no signs of redness, ulceration, or scabbing.

A successful recovery also includes prevention against future interdigital cysts. This may involve addressing any underlying conditions, such as allergies and infections to minimise the likelihood of cysts redeveloping.

Weight management, if indicated by a vet, should be implemented to ease excess pressure on the paw pads. Keeping the paws clean is a preventative measure against further infections. Regular paw care, including cleaning and inspection, can also prevent future occurrences. For a deep-dive into the best paw cleaners, you can read our guide here.

It's important to note that in chronic cases of interdigital cysts, successful recovery may require long-term treatment and management. This could involve ongoing medication, regular veterinary check-ups, and proactive measures to address any contributing factors. Chronic cases may require a more vigilant and sustained approach to ensure the continued well-being and comfort of your pup.

Pet insurance is a great way to help manage chronic conditions by offering financial support, consistent care for your pet’s lifetime, and ultimately, peace of mind.

With a Lifetime policy from Waggel in place, you can continue to claim for the same conditions throughout your pet’s life, as long as you renew your policy each year. You’ll also get access to an exclusive members platform offering deals and discounts for both you and your pet.

While managing chronic conditions is undoubtedly crucial for your dog's well-being, it's equally important to keep a vigilant eye on other aspects of their health. Regular check-ups with your vet, a balanced diet, and regular exercise are all key components of a healthy and happy pup.

Pay attention to changes in behaviour, appetite, and energy levels, and address any concerns promptly. Remember, a proactive approach to your dog's health ensures they can live their best life by your side and avoid conditions like interdigital cysts.

For top tips and advice on all things canine well-being, check out our other articles on dental health and abscesses as well as how to support your dog’s digestive health.

In conclusion, interdigital cysts in dogs can be a source of discomfort and concern for both dogs and their owners. Recognising the signs and seeking prompt veterinary care is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Whether through medical therapy, surgical intervention, or innovative treatments like CO2 laser therapy, there are various approaches to addressing interdigital cysts so try your best not to stress!

Additionally, you can help your dog avoid interdigital cysts by managing their weight, practising proper paw care, and addressing any underlying causes.

Taking proactive steps to manage chronic conditions through tools like pet insurance is a responsible and important aspect of pet ownership. However, it's imperative to remember that a comprehensive approach to your dog's health extends beyond specialised care.

Regular veterinary check-ups, a nutritious diet, exercise, and attentive observation of their overall well-being are all integral parts of providing the best possible life for your furry companion. If you are worried about your dog or believe they have developed an interdigital cyst, it’s best to seek immediate veterinary care for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

All Waggel members get free access to Joii, a 24/7 online vet care provider that offers video consultations to help you secure professional advice in a fraction of the time it would take to visit a vet practice in person. They can also offer advice on treatment.

How do you treat an interdigital cyst on a dog?

Interdigital cysts in dogs are typically treated through a combination of medical therapy, which may include topical treatments and oral medications, and in more severe cases, surgical intervention such as incision and drainage or excision of the cyst.

Do interdigital cysts go away?

Interdigital cysts in dogs are very likely to resolve with appropriate treatment, but without intervention, they are unlikely to go away on their own.

What causes interdigital cysts in dogs?

Interdigital cysts in dogs can be caused by various factors, including trauma to hair follicles, allergies, bacterial or fungal infections, foreign body irritation, or underlying structural abnormalities in the paws.

Can a dog cyst heal on its own?

While some minor cysts may occasionally resolve without intervention, most dog cysts, including interdigital cysts, typically require veterinary treatment for proper healing and prevention of complications.

Do interdigital cysts need antibiotics?

Interdigital cysts may require antibiotics if they are infected or if there is a risk of infection, as determined by a veterinarian.

How long do cysts on toes last?

The duration of cysts on a dog's toes can vary widely depending on factors like the type of cyst, its underlying cause, and the effectiveness of treatment; they can persist for weeks to several months without intervention.

Are cysts on dogs' paws painful?

Yes, interdigital cysts on dogs' paws can be painful, especially if they become inflamed, infected, or if there is pressure on the cyst from walking.